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At 170 billion barrels, Canada's Oil Sands are the third largest reserves of developable oil in the world. The Oil Sands now produce about 1.6 million barrels per day, with production expected to double by 2025 to about 3.7 million barrels per day. The Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in northeastern Alberta is the largest of the three oil sands deposits. Bitumen in the oil sands is recovered through one of two primary methods mining and drilling. About 20 per cent of the reserves are close to the surface and can be mined using large shovels and trucks. Of concern are the effects of the industrial development on the environment. Both human-made and natural sources emit oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, trace elements and persistent organic compounds. Of additional concern are ground level ozone and greenhouse gases. Because of the requirement on operators to comply with the air
quality regulatory policies, and to address public concerns, the
not-for-profit, multi-stakeholder Wood Buffalo Environmental
Association (WBEA) has since 1997 been closely monitoring air
quality in AOSR. In 2008, WBEA assembled a distinguished group of
international scientists who have been conducting measurements and
practical research on various aspects of air emissions and their
potential effects on terrestrial receptors. This book is a
synthesis of the concepts and results of those on-going studies. It
contains 19 chapters ranging from a global perspective of energy
production, measurement methodologies and behavior of various air
pollutants during fossil fuel production in a boreal forest
ecosystem, towards designing and deploying a multi-disciplinary,
proactive, and long-term environmental monitoring system that will
also meet regulatory expectations.
The chapters in this book present a snapshot of the state of knowledge of air pollution effects at the beginning of the 21st century. From their different disciplines, a distinguished collection of authors document their understanding of how leaves, trees, and forests respond to air pollutants and climate change. Scenarios of global change and air pollution are described. The authors describe responses of forests to climate variability, tropospheric ozone, rising atmospheric CO2, the combination of CO2 and ozone, and deposition of acidic compounds and heavy metals. The responses to ozone receive particular attention because of increasing concern about its damaging effects and increasing concentrations in rural areas. Scaling issues are addressed - from leaves to trees, from juvenile trees to mature trees, from short-term responses to long-term responses, and from small-scale experiments and observations to large-scale forest ecosystems.
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